The majestic antlers of the male moose grow anew each year with timing that follows the annual rut cycles of female moose. The antlers are used to facilitate the encounter by allowing the male to find and follow the mating call of the female. We show how both the palmated and un- palmated antlers of the moose and its relatives are effective spherical acoustic reflectors. We follow the annual cycle of male moose reproductive behavior demonstrating how the antler growth cycle is integrated into the reproductive cycle. This paper will show how the need to locate the female causes the sphericality of antlers. This is an evolutionary example of form following function.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation during asthenoteratozoospermia human semen cryopreservation on sperm quality, chromatin integrity and level of oxidative stress and expression of apoptosis related (BAX and BCL2), HSP70 and iNOS genes. Methods: The patients were infertile men with asthenoteratozoospermia. 20 freshly ejaculated semen samples were diluted, cryopreserved with Sperm Freeze Solution (SFS) that were supplemented with 0.00, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mmol/ml of ALA. In order to find the optimal concentration of ALA in the sperm cryopreservation, samples were analyzed according to WHO (2010) before and after freezing. To determine the ALA effects on the molecular properties of sperm we assessed level of ROS production by flow cytometry, DNA fragmentation by TUNEL test and sperm cryo capacitation by CTC test and expression of stress protein (HSP70), pro-apoptotic (Bax), anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) and iNOS genes by Real-time PCR for. Results: The effective concentrations of ALA (0.02 and 0.5 mM) significantly improved sperm motility and viability post–thawing compared to control group (treated with 0.00 ALA). During cryopreservation, treatment of semen with 0.02 mM of ALA (optimal concentration) significantly decreased DNA fragmentation, stress oxidative level (P<0.05), protected acrosome integrity and reduced BAX (no significantly) expression level while significantly increased BCL2, HSP70 and iNOS expression level in sperm cells compared to control group. Sperm quality was also improved in semen sample treated with 0.02 mM of ALA compared to control group, during cryopreservation. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that ALA can play a significant protective role against cryodamage by preserving sperm functional parameters. Keywords: Cryopreservation, Alpha lipoic acid, Chromatin integrity, Oxidative stress, Apoptosis, Asthenotspeeratozoormia

Inconsistent data caused by compromised nodes in\nWireless Sensor Networks can be detached to improve\ndata reliability, accuracy and to make effective and\ncorrect decisions. Multivariate Outliers normally\ndescribe the data behavior abnormality. Data\naggregation is frequently used for the reduction of\ncommunication overhead and energy expenditure of\nsensor nodes during the process of data collection in\nWireless Sensor Networks and also to improve the\nlifetime of the WSN. For the delivery of accuracy in base\nstation, the outlier detection protocol must be\nincorporated with secure data aggregation. Aggregation\nwill also try to increase the circle of knowledge and the\nlevel of accuracy. In this paper we use multivariate data\nanalysis technique to handle outlier in correlated\nvariables. To achieve the reliability and accuracy, a two\nphase algorithm is proposed. First, to build up a well\nconditioned PCA model for fault detection. Second, we\nuse various statistical techniques to determine similarity\nbetween the sensed data against the real data set. We\nhave evaluated our algorithm based on synthetic and\nreal data injected with synthetic faults collected from a\nWSN. Our results demonstrate that the proposed\nalgorithm achieves high true alarm rate and low false\nalarm rate and outperforms existing methods in terms of\ndata accuracy and reliability.