Gallstones occurs when the amount of cholesterol or bilirubin is high in bile and bile form solid particles in the gall bladder. Gallstones constitute a significant health problem and is a leading cause for hospital admission related to gastrointestinal problems. In majority of the cases the gallstone is silent and do not give any symptom such as acute cholecystitis, cholangitis or pancreatitis, however it is found as an incidental finding during abdominal ultrasound or by doing computed tomography scan. Cholelithiasis is a medico surgical problem for organ transplantation. In cholelithiasis the pain mechanism is usually obstruction located at gall bladder outlet, incoordination between gallbladder contraction and sphincter of oddi relaxation or visceral hypersensitivity. It may also be due to impaired gallbladder emptying, reliably quantitated by cholecystokinin cholescintigraphy. These are high chances of developing gall stones in chronic diseases like advanced cirrhosis, crohns disease, cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease. Since Unani system of medicine is based on the health of humours (Ikhlat) Damwi, Balghami, Safrawi and Saudawi. The present work is an effort to establish association between risk factors and to observe the prevalence of gall-stone in social groups. The present study has been attempted with four different categories Damwi Bilious (Safravi) Phlegmatic (Balghami) and Saudawi temperament individuals because these two categories show different types of signs and symptoms as their physiological, physical, and psychological features and are opposite to each other on the basis of their Hot and Cold temperament respectively. Hence is has been observed that incidence of formation of gallstone is according to different body temperaments which is high in Safrawi (Choleric/ bileous) fallowed by Balghami (Phlegmatic), Damwi (Sanguine) and Saudawi (Melancholic).

Introduction: Very often late diagnosis in spondylitis ankylosans (SA) in the period between 5 to 10 years is due to unstandardized diagnostic method besides established diagnostic criteria. But, they are very restrictive and not practical for early diagnosis of SA, because are based on proved radiographic changes.\nAim:Sacroiliitis (SI) as a sole entity rarely exists, usually is a part of a diagnostic mosaic of SA and related spondyloarthropathies (SpA). Surely proved SI clinically and radiographically means sure diagnosis of SA, especially in the early stage of the disease. \nMaterial and methods: Highly selective group of patients with SA was followed in the period of one year: group of 23 patients (pts) with unconvincing radiographic changes for SA from 1-2° and group of 21 pts without radiographic changes i.e. 0°. Beside SA, both groups fulfilled at least another from the listed conditions: 1.oligoarthritis; 2. enthesitis; 3. iridocyclitis; 4. positive family history for SA; 5. positive antigen HLA-B27 and 6. Elevated ESR > 30mm/h.\nResults: after observational period of one year in the group A 11/21 pts were with SA. In the group B only 6/23 pts were with SA; the others were transformed in different directions: 4/23 in the group of spondyloarthropathies (SpA) – 2 pts with Psoriatic spondyloarthropathy (PsSpA), 1 patient with Reiter syndrome (RS)and 1 patient with Entericspondyloarthropathy (ESpA). The others 8/22 pts were still undefined SpA. \nConclusion: Our results showed that defining of SA was crucial in the diagnosis of SA. The fact that most of cases with authentic SA were in group A with minimal radiographic changes from 1-2° in comparison with group B without radiographic changes showed the necessity of using other imaging techniques (scan, MRI) for earlier detection of SI in the so called pre-radiographic stage which lasts 2-4 years, when radiographic findings are absent. Clinical (symptomatic) SI without radiographic changes according to the findings of pts in the group B gives a possibility for overlap to other entities in the group of SpA.

The green synthesis of the BaFe12O19 barium ferrite nanoparticles (BFNP’s) using the Acorus Calamus rhizome extract has been implemented and presented. An X-ray diffraction method was carried out to confirm the phase of magnetoplumbite structure without any impurities. The average crystallite size was in the range of 32-35 nm, as calculated by the Scherrer’s formula. Scanning electron microscopy was used to confirm that the resulting BFNP’s were tightly packed with an average grain size of 70 nm. All Raman and IR active modes predicted by group theory are observed at 175 cm-1 and 677 cm-1, which corresponds to the existence of a spinel structure and trigonal pyramidal position in barium hexaferrite. In vitro studies were conducted to evaluate the antifungal activity of the synthesized BFNP’s against various plant pathogenic fungi, namely: Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Marssonina rosae. The antifungal effect of the BFNP’s was evaluated for various phytopathogenic fungi at a multiple dose of 200 mg/L, 300 mg/L, 400 mg/L, 500 mg/L and 600 mg/L. The maximum inhibition of mycelial growth (76.67%) was recorded at 600 mg/L against the growth of Fusarium oxysoporum mycelium. The results show that the resulting BFNP’s formed from Acorus Calamus rhizome extract can be used as a potential antifungal agent.

A quick method for the simultaneous determination of nitrate, nitrite and bromate ions in tea infusions using capillary zone electrophoresis was developed. A three factor full factorial design was applied for the determination of optimal conditions. Prior to the full factorial analysis, a number of experiments were conducted. A 50 mM phosphate buffer solution with pH 3.5 was selected. A capillary temperature of 40C, -20 kV applied voltage, 61.5 cm total capillary length (53.5 cm up to detector) with 50 µm i.d, 50 mbar injection pressure for 30 s was used. Limits of detection for nitrate, nitrite and bromate were 0.60 mgkg-1, 0.99 mgkg-1 and 2.14 mgkg-1 respectively. The anions could be detected by the method with good resolution within 7 min with average spike recovery of 91.6%-105.5% (n = 3). The method was then applied to analysis of six different types of tea brands purchased from markets in Samsun city, Turkey.

This study aimed to estimate students’ internal efficiency in Public Day Schools implementing Nine Year Basic Education (9YBE) policy in Ngoma Sector, Huye District of Rwanda. Since the Government of Rwanda embarked on the implementation of 9YBE policy, the remarkable increase has been achieved in students’ enrolments at both primary and secondary education levels. But, little is known about the extent to which the policy has improved the indicators of internal efficiency such as duration of studies, years-input per graduate, survival and wastage rate. Through a descriptive design, data on students’ enrolments and graduation at lower secondary education for the cohort 2013/14 and 2017/18 were gathered from all 2 public day schools in Ngoma Sector by use of statistical survey questionnaire. A reconstructed cohort analysis of 1000 students for both cohorts was computed and compared. The findings provided evidence that during the school years 2013/2017 there had been an increase in indicators students’ internal efficiency. Nevertheless, dropouts and stagnation have continued to be hindrances to high school internal efficiency at this level of education. The findings suggest further investigation of the causes of students\' stagnation and dropout and workable interventions that consider the context of 9YBE policy.