Teaching - learning Mathematics in school assume mastering and the use of mathematical language. It is made up of the natural language of the spoken language (of teachers and students) plus a series of mathematical signs and symbols, but also a series of specific propositions. In this paper we will present two fundamental concepts of mathematical language; namely, the theorem and the definition respectively. Thus, we will present here, all types of mathematical propositions (direct, reciprocal, contrary and reciprocal of the contrary or contrary of the reciprocal), which if true become theorems (direct, reciprocal, contrary and reciprocal of the contrary or contrary of the reciprocal). Regarding the concept of definition, we will refer to its two component parts (the proximate genus and the specific difference) and to the two types of definitions (natural and / or artificial). Finally, we will analyze and exemplify the concept of theorem of characterization. We will exemplify all this with propositions / theorems from Algebra, Mathematical Analysis and Geometry.
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic performance of the ADC values in the discrimination of all types of metastatic brain lesions from lung cancer.\nMETHODS: 96 patients with mean age of 59.675±9.348 (26 females,70 males) admitted to our hospital with the diagnosis of primary lung cancer were included in the study. In addition to conventional MRI sequences, b-value 1000 s/mm² with the DWI was performed using the SE-EPI sequence. DWI and ADC images were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. \nRESULTS: In DWI and ADC sequence qualitative assessment we found hiperintensity in most of metastatic lesions. In quantitative assessment according to ADC value comparisons between the groups, small cell carcinoma had the highest value (1.98 x10-3 mm2/sn ± 0.95) and non small cell-combined type was the last (0.55 x10-3 mm2/sn ).On the other hand there was no significant statistical difference between the groups (p>0.05), but there was significant statistical difference between metastatic lesions and normal brain parenchyma (p<0.05).\nCONCLUSION: DAG-ADC with quantitative measurement can distinguish metastatic lesions from normal brain parenchyma. Although metastatic groups showed some different values during the study, we couldn’t define any correlation between DWI/ADC values and primary histology of the metastatic foci. We believe that more accurate results can be achieved with advanced studies with more patients included and a common sequence features.
The effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer from Gracilaria tenuistipitata C.F.Chang & B.M.Xia on seed germination and seedling growth pattern of Solanum lycopersicum L. & Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench was studied. The different concentrations (10%, 25 %, 50 % 75 % & 100%) SLF treated seeds were kept in water by using paper towel method and monitor for further with regular intervals. SLF application on the plants shows the great effect on the growth parameters such as seed germination, total seedling length and seed vigour index in A. esculentus and S. lycopercisum expresses at 50% concentration from Gracilaria tenuistipitata extracts. The observation under control shows the slowest germination percentage than other extracts from seaweeds. SLF from Gracilaria tenuistipitata provided the remarkable progress on the growth and development in S. lycopercisum and A. esculentus at 50% concentration against the control. Lowest values for these parameters were recorded at 100% concentration.
The present study on freshwater algal flora of Coimbatore revealed the presence of Cloniophora plumosa (Kuetzing) Bourrelly of Cloniophoraceae, which is a first time report to India .The habitat, description, are discussed in this communication.
Objective: A recent population cohort study reported that benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) was a risk factor for ischemic stroke. This study investigated the risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes in patients with BPPV. \nStudy Design: A Nested Case-Control Study using the data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort between 2002 and 2013.\nSetting: A population-based study\nMethods: We used data of patients aged ≥ 50 years obtained from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort between 2002 and 2013. A total of 15,610 patients with ischemic stroke and 4,923 patients with hemorrhagic stroke were matched for age, sex, income, residential location, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia with 62,440 and 19,692 controls, respectively. History of BPPV was evaluated in the stroke and control groups. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for stroke in patients with BPPV were analyzed using stratified logistic regression analysis. Subgroup analyses were performed for age and sex. \nResults: Notably, 3.7% (572/15,610) of patients with ischemic stroke and 2.7% (1,702/62,440) of the control subjects reported a history of BPPV (P < 0.001). The adjusted OR for BPPV in patients with ischemic stroke was 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22–1.49, P < 0.001). Patients with ischemic stroke showed higher ORs for BPPV in the subgroup of women. Patients with hemorrhagic stroke did not show a high OR for BPPV. \nConclusions: Ischemic stroke patients demonstrated the increased OR for BPPV in subjects aged ≥ 50 years old.
Objective: To evaluate the long-term changes in weight and blood pressure in Korean adults who underwent tonsillectomy compared to the conditions of controls.\nStudy Design: A nested case-control study using the data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort from 2002 through 2015.\nSetting: A population-based study\nMethods: Tonsillectomy was defined using claim code Q2300. The changes in weight and systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) were measured before tonsillectomy after tonsillectomy (study I) in some participants and during the second year after tonsillectomy (study II) in other participants. Patients who underwent tonsillectomy (n=569 in study I; n=556) were 1:4 matched with control participants (n=2,276 in study I; n=2,224 in study II). The paired t-test and linear mixed model were used to test the differences between groups at each time point.\nResults: There were no changes in body mass index (P = 0.732 in study I; P = 0.128 in study II), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.344 in study I; P = 0.559 in study II), or diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.826 in study I; P = 0.524 in study II) between the tonsillectomy and control groups in the first or second year postoperatively. Subgroup analyses according to age, sex and degree of obesity showed consistent results.\nConclusion: Tonsillectomy does not lead to a decrease in weight or blood pressure in Korean adults. The results can be used as evidence for otorhinolaryngologists to inform patients who undergo tonsillectomy of the postoperative results regarding weight and blood pressure changes.
Abstract\nBackground: Surveillance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is essential for formation of antibiotic policy for specific geographic locations and initiate suitable preventive actions in healthcare settings. \nObjectives: To determine prevalence and patterns of antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in clinical samples in hospitals in Southwestern province of Saudi Arabia.\nMethods: A total of 101 A. baumanii isolates were collected from four different hospitals of Jazan province, Saudi Arabia during the year of 2016 and analyzed for their antibiotic-resistant profile by using VITEK2 (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France).\nResults: A. baumanii bacterial strains were resistant to ampicillin (99.0%), piperacillin/tazobactam (73.07%), ceftazidime (89.10%), cefepime (92.07%), aztreonam (99.0%), ertapenem (99.0%), imipenem (87.12%), meropenem (87.12%), amikacin (86.10%), gentamicin (85.14%), ciprofloxacin (88.11%), levofloxacin (88.11%), minocycline (90.66%), tigecycline (26.73%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (56.43%). None of the isolated strains were resistant to colistin. \nConclusion: \nTigecycline still holds the best antibiotic agent for treatment of multi-drug resistant (MDR) A. baumanii infection but colistin can be more effective antibiotic for treatment of MDR A. baumanii infection in Southwestern Province of Saudi Arabia.