The concepts of fuzzy ideal and fuzzy filters have been introduced. Different characterizations have been done.

The present paper deals with the study of Semi-symmetric metric connection in an (LCS)n-Manifold. Here we studied semi-symmetric metric connection in an (LCS)n manifold whose projective curvature tensor pleased certain curvature conditions.

Purpose: The aim of the present systematic review was to determine the effectiveness of High Intensity Laser Therapy (HILT) in the management of Achilles Tendinopathy (AT) and Patellar Tendinopathy (PT) and to provide recommendations based on this evidence. Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) identified by a search strategy in six databases were used in combination with reference checking. RCTs that included HILT, patients with AT and PT, and at least one of the clinically relevant outcome measure were selected. A qualitative analysis of the selected studies was conducted using the Furlan system. Results: None RCTs fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Conclusion: HILT is a dose-response modality, and the optimal treatment dose has obviously not yet have been discovered. Further research with well-designed RCTs is required to provide meaningful evidence on the effectiveness (absolute and relative) of HILT for the management of AT and PT.

The global economy has witnessed excessive commodity price fluctuation this has generated interest in modelling and forecasting agricultural commodity price volatility. This paper evaluates three traditional single-regime GARCH models (i.e., standard GARCH, gjrGRACH and EGARCH) and Markov-switching GARCH (MS-GARCH) models with Gaussian and skewed fat-tailed residual conditional distribution, regarding their ability to forecast volatility from 1-day to 22-day horizon. The data used in this paper is the daily returns of agricultural commodity prices (i.e., maize, wheat, sunflower, soybeans, corn, and sorghum) from 02 January 2007 to 31st October 2016. The Bayesian estimation approach was used to estimate and forecast volatility in agricultural commodity log-returns. The results identify that the MS-GARCH models with skewed fat-tailed residual conditional distribution outperform the single-regime GARCH models in the in-sample analysis. However, in an out-of-sample analysis, the MS-GARCH model does not perform significantly better than the traditional single-regime GARCH models. This study adds further evidence on agricultural commodity price volatility using single-regime and MS-GARCH models under the Bayesian approach to support policymakers and decision makers in South Africa.

This study uses dynamic DEA models to assess energy efficiency of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) from 2010 to 2014 by using a translation adjustment of energy consumption and CO2 emission. The APEC economies are divided into annual energy and overall energy efficiency ratings, and improvement directions are proposed for the difference variables. With the proposal of magnitude, this study discusses the changes of inter-temporal conversion variables and proposes suggestions for improvement. Finally, this study analyses the implications of energy investment and the efficiency policies of APEC economies. \nThe results show the economies with the lowest overall energy efficiency ratings have great potential for improvement. Reducing capital stock, labor, fossil fuel consumption, and CO2 emissions, while increasing GDP, can increase energy efficiency ratings. However, economies do not want to reduce the state\'s capital stock, and labor and population birth adjustments are difficult. Energy efficiency can only start from adjusting fossil fuel energy consumption, carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, and GDP. The results indicate that improving energy efficiency and reducing fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, economies are expected to increase their GDP, unless they enact cuts through policy and technical aspects, appropriately adjust their energy policies, and actively develop new energy technologies to effectively reduce CO2 emissions and achieve optimal energy efficiency.

Pemphigus is a rare autoimmune disease that affects the skin and/or mucosal membranes. It has been reported that some kind of RNAs including non-coding and regulatory RNAs including miRNAs, shRNAs, LncRNAs, etc. may play important roles in pemphigus pathogenesis. Now we want to explore, can this regulation of some RNAs use as biomarkers of diagnosing pemphigus or its severity or not. In this review, we will discuss the RNA expressions in patients with pemphigus. A comprehensive search was performed. Search engines including PubMed, Scopus, and web of science were searched to May 2020. 335 articles were obtained according to search keywords. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 41 relevant studies were selected. MiR-338-3p, miR-424-5p, and miR-584-5p are miRNAs reported increasing in pemphigus. C3 mRNA, mRNA of CD36, mRNA of CD163, mRNA of Urokinase Plasminogen activator, IL23R mRNA, RORγt mRNA, HLA-G1 mRNA are coding RNAs increasing in pemphigus also the activity of mRNA of Tissue-type Plasminogen activator increase but HLA-G2 mRNA decrease in pemphigus. These RNAs can use as biomarkers for diagnosis of pemphigus although few studies are existing and many interactions between RNAs and pemphigus are not discovered yet.