Tomato buds of cv. Idkawy were cultured in vitro on solid MS medium with 0.2 mg-l BAP. The resulting plantlets were exposed to gamma radiation doses of 100, 150 and 200 Gy. Single node pieces were cut and transferred onto fresh MS medium with 0.2 mg-l BAP. Gamma radiation doses induced the death of 18.75% to 52.5% of explants. Surviving plantlets had been cut into single node pieces and transferred onto MS medium with 0.2 mg-l BAP containing NaCl concentrations (50 and 100 mM). There was increased mortality of the vegetative buds on the explants with increased salt concentrations. It was shown that the all gamma radiation doses caused reduced the percentage of survival at saline levels. The genetic diversity was assessment by using ten primers for each SCoT and ISSR markers to six irradiated treatments grew under salt stress (100 Gy x 50 mM, 150 Gy x 50 mM, 200 Gy x 50 mM, 100 Gy x 100 mM, 150 Gy x 100 mM, 200 Gy x 100 mM). It was showed that the polymorphism percentage mean of SCoT marker (29.56%) is higher than the ISSR marker (26.78%). The average of PIC values for both markers SCoT and ISSR were 0.197 and 0.288 (PIC ˂0.5), as well as, MI values were 0.077 and 0.081, respectively. On the other hand, the effective no. of alleles (Ne), Nei’s genetic diversity (H) and Shannon’s information index (I) parameters, it was found that the combined effect of dose 200 Gy x 50 mM NaCl caused the highest genetic variation compared with other treatments using SCoT marker, however, in ISSR marker the combined effect of dose 150 Gy x 50 mM NaCl was the highest treatment induced genetic variation. The obtained results demonstrate that SCoT marker was more accurate and efficient than ISSR marker for distinguishing and genetic variation analysis of irradiated tomato plantlets grew under salt stress. The relationships within treatments were estimated through cluster analysis (UPGMA) based on SCoT and ISSR analysis.

Primula vulgaris Huds. leaves and roots were used to treat skin damage and inflammation in Anatolian Folk Medicine. This study aimed to assess the ethnopharmacological use of the plant using in vivo and in vitro test models. Linear incision and circular excision wound models were used to determine the in vivo wound-healing potential of the plant extracts and fractions. In vitro assays; hyaluronidase, collagenase, and elastase enzymes inhibitory activities were carried out on the active compounds to discover their activity pathways. n-Butanol fraction of the roots of P. vulgaris showed the highest wound-healing activity. Through activity-guided fractionation and isolation techniques, primulasaponin I (1) and primulasaponin I methyl ester (2) were stated as the major active compounds. These compounds exerted their activities through inhibition of collagenase and elastase enzymes. Primulasaponin I methyl ester isolated from n-butanol fraction was found to be the strongest agent, especially in the collagenase and elastase enzymes’ inhibitory activity assays. The present study supports scientific data for the traditional use of P. vulgaris and the wound healing properties of the plant can be referred to secondary metabolites, especially saponins found in the roots.

Verbascum L. species are primarily used against inflammatory diseases and malaria in traditional medicine. Hence, we purposed to appraise the in vivo anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and in vitro antimalarial activity of V. latisepalum. Based on our previous laboratory evaluations, the active methanolic extract was fractionated, and the anti-inflammatory activity of the fractions was assessed using the hind paw edema model induced by carrageenan. Additionally, abdominal constriction test induced by p-benzoquinone was applied in mice to assess antinociceptive activity. The fraction including mainly terpenic compounds (Fr.D) exhibited a remarkable prevention effect on the hind paw edema model induced by carrageenan and on the p-benzoquinone-induced abdominal constriction test at 200 mg/kg dose, while the other tested samples did not display any important activity. Moreover, two saponin glycosides, ilwensisaponin A and C; three iridoid glucosides aucubin, catalpol, and ajugol together with a phenylethanoid glycoside, verbascoside were obtained from the effective fraction (Fr.D) and their structures were illuminated by spectroscopic methods. The antimalarial features of the methanolic extract were also examined in vitro with the parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) test against Plasmodium falciparum, but it had no antimalarial activity.

The present study aimed to characterize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and iron oxide NPs (Fe3O4 NPs) synthesized by Bacillus subtilis for their physicochemical properties and antibacterial activities. After producing the silver and iron NPs exploiting bacterial supernatant content and biomass, the size and shape of the NPs were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and spectrophotometery, followed by measuring the antibacterial properties using agar well diffusion method (measuring zone of inhibition (ZOI) diameter) and microdilution method (estimating minimum inhibitory concentration or MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration or MBC) against the standard bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus (PTCC 1112), Bacillus cereus (PTCC 1015), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PTCC 1074) and Escherichia coli (O157:H7).\n\nAccording to the findings, maximum optical density (OD) for AgNPs and Fe3O4 NPs was read at 435 and 225 nm, respectively, which therefore verified the fabrication of NPs. The shape of AgNPs was spherical with the size range of 25-45 nm, while the Fe3O4 NPs had cubic and spherical shapes and the size range of 55-80nm. The results of antimicrobial potentials indicated that the Ag NPs were more active than the Fe3O4 NPs and that the biomass synthesis method for both NPs exhibited relatively better physicochemical properties and antimicrobial effects than the supernatant method. However, no significant difference was observed between the findings in most cases. There was a significant difference in antimicrobial effects between selected antibiotics and both synthesized NPs (P<0.05). S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were the most sensitive and the most resistant bacteria for both NPs, respectively, so that the MIC value of Ag NPs for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was 10 and 40μg/ml, respectively and the MBC value was 20 and 80 μg/ml, respectively. The properties reported for the Fe3O4 NPs were weaker than for the Ag NPs, as the MIC value was 20μg/ml for S. aureus and B. cereus, and 40μg/ml for E. coli and P. aeruginosa, as well as the MBC value was 40 and 80 μg/ml, respectively. Given the antimicrobial potential of synthesized NPs, they can be employed as antimicrobial agents in formulations of various disinfectants and antiseptics, because the used materials possess a very high reactivity due to nanoparticle nature and are able to inhibit unwanted microbial growth during a very short time.

Cucumber has long been focused on as a model plant for sex expression and floral development studies. In the present study, the role of exogenous ethephon (0.5 mM) and nitrogen (2 and 4 g/L) on female flower production rates in cucumber plants was investigated. Results revealed that the highest number of female flowers was recorded in plants either treated with 4 g/L nitrogen or 0.5 mM ethephon.. The highest catalase activity was recorded in plants solely treated with ethephon, while maximum peroxidase activity was detected in control plants. In addition, the Cs-ACS2 gene expression rate in the female flower organ increased between 4.5 to 6 folds compared to 1.5 to 3-fold increase rates in leaf tissues. \nIn general, it can be concluded that two treatment of the plants with either 4 g/L nitrogen or 0.5 mM of ethephon had a positive effect on the number of female flowers in cucumber plants. Interestingly, as ethephon treatment contributed to the highest expression of Cs-ACS2 gene, it can be interpreted that ethephon induced Cs-ACS2 upregulation leading to female flower formation, while nitrogen effect on female flowers appears to be independent of the Cs-ACS2 pathway.

Telengana, the new province of India (2014) is explored from Science Heritage perspective. It is seen she has an ‘impact crater’ of geological period. Around it is built the Warangal Fort, Siva temple being the central piece. Temple’s remains (demolished during Islamic period) are studied from Science & engineering Heritage perspectives. Yields interesting results. Astronomically the temple appears to be associated with the star Beta Rigel (Bana Raja) of the Orion constellation (Kalapursha mandala). While the 1000 pillar temple of Hanamkonda is associated possibly with the constellation Southern Crux (Trisanku). The layout being alike Orion mid belt triplet. Geologically to pre-Himalayan (Eocene) period. Historically to Kakatiya (medieval) extending backwards to tribal society periods. Preliminary surface scanning of the satellite images of the Hyderabad muslim heritage region indicates vestiges of a star\\triangular shaped foundation of an possible erstwhile structure to the west by south-west of the Golconda fort.