This article addresses the challenge of monitoring saline soils in farms located in the Hungry Steppe and the Khorezm region of Uzbekistan. Due to the variability in salinity levels, constant monitoring is necessary. The authors propose using bioindication of soil salinity based on the state of cotton plants as a solution to the difficulties presented by existing methods. The aim of the study was to investigate the potential use of cotton plants as a bioindicator of soil salinity and to identify measurable indicators for practical implementation of bioindication. The field studies investigated potential bioindicators such as leaf blade thickness, area, and changes in planting density. It was discovered that as soil salinity increases, the density of cotton planting changes according to the Poisson distribution. To minimize time and labor in monitoring, it was suggested to use the thickness of the cotton leaf blade, measured with a digital micrometer, as a bioindication parameter. To practically implement salinity assessment through leaf thickness, a regression equation was established to represent the relationship between soil salinity and leaf thickness. The obtained results are consistent with previous studies that have shown a decrease in plant density, a reduction in leaf area, and an increase in leaf thickness with increasing soil salinity. The issue of bioindication of soil salinity through the state of the cotton plant has not been previously addressed.

Hematological parameters which have been implicated in diabetes mellitus was investigated in the study. N-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and methanol fractions of the ethanolic leaf extract of Nauclea latifolia were orally administered once daily for 2 weeks to diabetic rats. The levels of RBC, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PLT, PCT, MPV, PDW, WBC, lymphocyte and granulocyte were evaluated in blood samples obtained from the rats by cardiac puncture. There was significant reduction (P < 0.05) in RBC and HCT levels in the treatment groups of ethyl acetate fraction (250 mg/kg) and ethanol extract (250 mg/kg) with significant increases (P < 0.05) in their MCV and MCH levels when compared with the diabetic control group. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in PLT levels of the treatment groups of ethanol extracts, n-hexane fractions and ethyl acetate fraction (100 mg/kg); PCT levels of ethanol extracts group and MPV levels of ethyl acetate fractions treatment groups was high. The treatment groups of glibenclamide, butanol, methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate fractions and ethanol extract (250 mg/kg) showed significant reduction (P < 0.05) in their WBC and lymphocyte levels while significant increases (P < 0.05) in granulocyte levels was noted in the treatment group of ethanol extract (100 mg/kg) when compared with diabetic control group. In conclusion, the ethanol extract proved to have anti-infective property, glibenclamide, butanol, methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate fractions and ethanol extract (250 mg/kg) showed capabilities to boost the immune system and curtail some hematological abuse in the defense system, while dose dependent ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fractions may reduce erythropoiesis. Also, ethanol extracts, n-hexane fractions and ethyl acetate fraction (100 mg/kg) may act as acute phase reactant to infections associated with pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus.

The objectives of this study were to determine the energy consumption and evaluation of inputs sensitivity for Soybean production in Mazandaran province, Iran. The sensitivity of energy inputs was estimated using the marginal physical productivity (MPP) method and partial regression coefficients on Soybean yield. Data were collected from 43 Soybean farms in July 2012. The sample volume was determined by random sampling method. The results revealed that total energy input for Soybean production was 21384 MJ ha-1; the non-renewable energy shared about 95 % while the renewable energy did 5 %. Energy use efficiency, energy productivity, and net energy were 1.63, 0.11 kg MJ-1, and∼13408 MJ ha-1, respectively. Econometric model evaluation showed that fuel energy was the most significant input which affects the output level. Sensitivity analysis indicates that with an additional use of 1MJ of each of the Toxin ,seed and machinery energy would lead to an increase in yield by 8.694, 3.575and 0.751 kg, respectively. Also, the MPP of human labor energy was calculated to be -17.102 implying that the use of human labor energy is in excess for Soybean production, causing an environmental risk problem in the region.

The objective of this study was the application of non-parametric method of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to analyze the efficiency of farmers, discriminate efficient farmers from inefficient ones and to identify wasteful uses of energy for rice production in Mazandaran province, Iran. This method was used based on seven energy inputs including human labor, machinery, diesel fuel, fertilizers, biocide, Irrigation and seed energy and three output of rice( yield, straw and husk). Technical, pure technical, scale and cross efficiencies were calculated using CCR and BCC models for farmers. From this study the following results were obtained: from the total of 72 farmers, considered for the analysis, 9.7 % and 22.2 % were found to be technically and pure technically efficient, respectively. The average values of technical, pure technical and scale efficiency scores of farmers were found to be 0.78, 0.95 and 0.82, respectively. The energy saving target ratio for rice production was calculated as 7.47 %, indicating that by following the recommendations resulted from this study, about 4.57 GJ ha−1 of total input energy could be saved while holding the constant level of rice yield. The comparative results of energy indices revealed that by optimization of energy consumption, energy efficiency, energy productivity and net energy with respect to the actual energy use can be increased by 7.46 %, 7.46 % and 5.54 %, respectively.

The productivity of shrub biomass was determined in three seasons at different altitude in Tehsil Takht-e-Nasrati, district Karak was undertaken in 2010-2011. The biomass of Saccharum bengalense was high and at altitude between 340-399 m (5020.38 Kg hec-1) and 400-499 m (4331.58 Kg hec-1). The biomass value of Zizyphus nummularia (1125.1 Kghec-1) was high at altitude between 500-599 m while at altitude between 600 – 700 m Capparis decidua have a high biomass value of 437.79 (Kg hec-1). Among shrubs average biomass of Saccharum bengalense (2665.12 Kg hec-1) was greater followed by Calotropis procera (677.73 Kg hec-1), Periploca aphylla (533.67 Kg hec-1) and Calligonum polygonoides (506.29 Kg hec-1) while the lowest biomass was found of Cassia angustifolia (13.47 Kg hec-1). Among seasons variation the biomass of Saccharum bengalense (13800 Kg hec-1) was greater during winter at between altitude 340-399 m and Periploca aphylla (12.35 Kg hec-1) biomass was lower in spring at altitude between 600 – 700 m. The assessment of shrub biomass in research area is a requirement for successful management at the same time as it gives a complete documentation for the area in complexity and work out unpredictable resources to help imagine shrubs potency and behaviour.

In order to study the genetics some quantitative traits a cross was made between Gaspard and Kharchia varieties. F2, F3and F4 progenies with parents were produced, planted, and evaluated under field conditions using a Randomized Complete Block Design with two replications. Grain yield, number of fertile tiller, number of non-fertile tiller, main spike weight, number of grain per spike, main spike grain weight and number of spikelet in different generations were measured. There were significant differences among the generations for all the characters studied. Three-parameter model [m d h] provided the best fit for number of fertile tiller, number of non-fertile tiller and grain yield traits. For main spike weight, number of spikelet traits determined four-parameter model [m d h i]. The dominant gene effect was found the most important genetic effect in controlling more traits evaluated. Therefore pedigree selection method is a useful breeding program for improving traits with additive effect and hybrid methods for traits with dominance effect. Medium and high estimates of broad sense heritability were found in different plant traits and the heritability values ranged from 88 % for number of grain per plant to 56 % for flag leaf length. Possible using the traits that has higher than grain yield is advisable as indirect selection criteria in stress condition. As for as results this study can use from traits such as flag leaf width, main spike grain weight and number of grain per plant.

The use of renewable energy sources is a fundamental factor for a possible energy policy in the future. Taking into account the sustainable character of the majority of renewable energy technologies, they are able to preserve resources and to provide security, diversity of energy supply and services, virtually without environmental impact. Sustainability has acquired great importance due to the negative impact of various developments on environment. The rapid growth during the last decade has been accompanied by active construction, which in some instances neglected the impact on the environment and human activities. Policies to promote the rational use of electric energy and to preserve natural non-renewable resources are of paramount importance. Low energy design of urban environment and buildings in densely populated areas requires consideration of wide range of factors, including urban setting, transport planning, energy system design and architectural and engineering details. The focus of the world’s attention on environmental issues in recent years has stimulated response in many countries, which have led to a closer examination of energy conservation strategies for conventional fossil fuels. One way of reducing building energy consumption is to design buildings, which are more economical in their use of energy for heating, lighting, cooling, ventilation and hot water supply. Passive measures, particularly natural or hybrid ventilation rather than air-conditioning, can dramatically reduce primary energy consumption. However, exploitation of renewable energy in buildings and agricultural greenhouses can, also, significantly contribute towards reducing dependency on fossil fuels. Therefore, promoting innovative renewable applications and reinforcing the renewable energy market will contribute to preservation of the ecosystem by reducing emissions at local and global levels. This will also contribute to the amelioration of environmental conditions by replacing conventional fuels with renewable energies that produce no air pollution or greenhouse gases. This study describes various designs of low energy buildings. It also, outlines the effect of dense urban building nature on energy consumption, and its contribution to climate change. Measures, which would help to save energy in buildings, are also presented.

Recently it has been understand that using forward swept blades in axial aerial fans can enhance performance of such devices. Meanwhile design of non-twisted blades for the applications which requires slight twisting is being recommended continually to reduce costs of production of axial fans. Since both ideas have serious effects on distribution of aerodynamic forces along the blade this study aims to investigate distribution of aerodynamic forces along blade of non-twisted forward swept fans in different conditions. This study is based on C.F.D. methods to extract required data from models. A novel post processing method called Horizontal Element Separation was also utilized to provide a comprehensive sight on behavior of distribution profiles. Use of the K-ε: R.N.G. turbulence model was validated by comparing performance and distribution functions of a sample model with results of blade element theory. Final results of this study showed by increasing forward sweep degree of non-twisted fan strength of its tip vortices would be increased. But in areas near blade root distribution of aerodynamic forces which are a function of induced values will remain unchanged. The Results also indicates that effects of increasing blades solidity on tip vortex overrun effects of increase of forward sweep degree therefore by results of this study it is being recommended to use forward swept idea in fans with high numbers of blades.