In this paper, the regeneration diversity of woody species in two stands; Pinus taeda plantation and natural forest was studied and compared. For this purpose, two Parcels in northern forests of Iran were selected; Parcel number 113 (Pinus taeda plantation) and 156 (natural forest) with an area of 20 ha and 25 ha, respectively. The Random-Systematic method was carried out with grid dot of 100m × 100m and sampling plots of 500 . In each plot number of trees, diameter at breast height (D.B.H.) and tree species was measured. The regeneration of species in two height classes of more and less than 1.3m was considered in micro-plots and sampling plots, respectively. Data were analyzed and the mean of each index was calculated and compared by t-test. Results showed that, diversity and richness indices in plantation was less than it in natural stand which in this case, the MacArthur\'s N1 index and the MacIntosh index were 1.998 and 0.296, respectively

Monte Carlo simulation technique for flood estimation based on the principles of Joint Probability can employ many of the commonly adopted flood estimation models and design data. Design flood estimation is one of the major steps in the design and sizing of hydraulic structures and installations. When storage capacity is significant or return period of design flood is long, use of mathematical models is a common option for changing of the design rainfall to design flood. Design rainfall which cause to design flood must have some characteristics which one of them is distribution of rainfall during the rainy period which so-called design rainfall temporal pattern. Design rainfall temporal pattern is a major source of uncertainty in rainfall-based design flood estimation methods.\n\nJoint Probability Approach is a superior method of design flood estimation which considers the probabilistic nature of input variables such as rainfall temporal pattern in rainfall-runoff modelling. So, in this study, Monte Carlo simulation technique which is based on the Joint Probability Approach, a holistic approach to design flood estimation that considers probability distributed inputs and model parameters, and their correlations, applied to determine probability-distributed rainfall temporal pattern in Karaj Dam watershed, Iran. Also, this is the first time that RORB model is used in Iran also Joint Probability Approach and Monte Carlo simulation technique have not ever applied in Iran to extract rainfall temporal patterns.

The essential oil from the different parts (stems, leaves and inflorescences) of Thymus broussonetii Boiss. gathered during the spring season, in Essaouirra region, Southwest Morocco, has been extracted by steam distillation and analysed by GC and GC–MS. The identified components constituting 93.4%, 93.1% and 95.6% of the stems, leaves and inflorescences oils, respectively. The essential oil of stems parts showed a higher percentage of borneol (41.9%), thymol (23.9%) and carvacrol (10.0%), while the oil from leaves showed p-cymene (21.0%), borneol (16.5%), α-Pinene (11.8%) and thymol (11.3%). The oil from the inflorescences presented thymol (15.6%), carvacrol (15.5%), p-cymene (14.7%) and borneol (14.4%) as major constituents. Antibacterial activity of the Thymus broussonetii leaves oil were tested against eight Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by disc diffusion method. The inhibition zones (IZ) values for bacterial strains, which were sensitive to the essential oil of Thymus broussonetii leaves, were in the range of 9–40 mm.

Success in second language learning is often related to the concept of ‘motivation’. Motivation is the most used concept for explaining the failure or success of a language learner. In this paper, after an overview to individual differences (IDs) constructs in second language acquisition, the role of motivation as one of the most important constructs of IDs in foreign language learning and their relationships with second/foreign language learning are investigated. In so doing, the most important theoretical frameworks and related researches are considered. The wider concluding argument of this paper is that motivation and its constructs are context dependent and therefore, any language learning situation has its own unique motivational model.

This study includes the design and application of a job evaluation design in a Humanitarian setup in Health Sector of Pakistan. The first step was the design of a system for determining the weights of job factors from sets of paired comparison decisions by considering only a small sub-sample of jobs. This was carried out in such a way that the rank order obtained from the point rating system duplicated, as closely as possible, that derived from the analysis of overall paired comparison assessments. Then, these factor weights were used to establish a factor plan, which was used to calculate the overall total point values of the jobs, within the sample, on the basis of their job descriptions by making use of the above factor plan, and a final rank order was established according to the total point values.\n\nJob evaluation was carried out by using point method. It required identifying a set of compensable factors to determine the worth of jobs. Each factor was divided into levels or degrees which were then assigned points. The points for each factor were summed to form a total point score for each category. Categories were then grouped by total point scores and assigned to wage/salary grades so that similarly rated jobs would be placed in the same wage/salary grade. Factors of point system adopted for this study were education, experience, working conditions and job status.

This study analysed the break-even and gross margin on cassava production in Obubra Local Government Area of Cross State, Nigeria. A combination of random and purposive sampling techniques was used to obtain the data from 180 respondents of cassava farmers by the use of structured questionnaire and personal interview. Data were analyzed by the used of gross margin, profitability and break-even analysis. Result show that total average revenue of N126, 525.00 was earned for e very N94, 123.00 invested by a farmer making a gross margin of N34, 652.00 and a net profit of N 32, 402. 00. Also, the break-even income and break-even quantity were found to be N 115,736 and 156kg respectively. The gross ratio analysis revealed that for every N 1.00 invested a profit 34kobo was gained. The paper recommended that farmers should reduce the operational cost in order to increase the gross margin.